從諮商過程診斷出學生的學習問題後,筆者建議由以下方式著手。
延伸課程設計
根據初步諮商融入英語閱讀的結果,教師、課程設計者、教科書作者或出版社可開發相關教材:
第一,針對偏食性閱讀者,以主題為導向的學習改善,如集中主題閱讀教學法(Krashen, 2013; Cho, Ahn, & Krashen, 2005; Schmitt & Carter, 2000),閱讀不同主題,甚至可結合 Content and Language Integrated Learning(Marsh, 2012) 教學法,從跨領域的角度探討同個主題,如此一來,學習不僅有廣度亦有深度。
第二,針對拼圖式閱讀者,整體字彙能力要加強,筆者從字彙分布能力普遍偏低的狀況,推測這類學習者可能不太會背單字,所以根據認知心理學記憶的原理,開發「字彙學習線上系統」(CPOVLS),在學習者與軟體互動過程中,監控記憶過程不完整的階段,提供學習回饋(陳長慶,2015a)。
第三,閱讀曝光量不足者,不易抓到文章重點,教師可帶從上而下(top-down) 的活動,例如讀完文章後,畫出文章結構圖,以期有較好的理解力;教師亦可將文章結構當作基模,引導學生理解文章段落含意。
教研建議
當教師看到上述的結果須注意,筆者的資料針對閱讀而設計的諮商,結果尚未證實是否可類推至其他聽、說或寫能力的診斷。若教師要發展自己的診斷測驗,需納入潛在因素,還有測驗題目分析(Brown, 1989),這也是本研究未來改善的方向。另外,礙於大學通識英語課程僅三門課,每週總計五小時,加上學生未必持續選修同一位教師的課程,往往無法在閱讀學科諮商中完整地追蹤,但中小學的環境較允許長期追蹤學習成效,更易觀察實質的改變。若教師有興趣進行班級學習英語課堂研究,可參考本專文專文好好看。
延伸閱讀
上文專文好好看的數據統計分析和討論提及的SPSS 統計軟體操作方式,可參考相關教學短片如 EXCEL 匯入 SPSS (吳文彬,2014)、 集群分析 (Gaskin, 2015)和 ANOVA(Gates, 2012)。
致謝
感謝英語教學與科技跨領域小組數位化諮商融入英語閱讀活動,是本研究得以順利完成重要因素。
參考書目:
- 吳文彬(2014)。EXCEL 轉為 SPSS 資料檔與資料除錯。取自 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V63mwTj_WW8
- 林瓊瑤(2002)。英語科學習動機調整訓練團體對高中生自我效能、學習動機及課業成就之影響 (未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
- 陳長慶(2015a)。翻轉教室:英語教室的助力或阻力?。敦煌英語教學電子雜誌。取自http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/ArtContent_tw.aspx?CDE=ART20150323133304IKB
- 陳長慶(2015b)。多媒體選用原則與教學策略。敦煌英語教學電子雜誌。取自http://www.cavesbooks.com.tw/CET/ArtContent_tw.aspx?CDE=ART20151210115647B4I
- 劉福鎔(2009)。建構一個新的諮商領域-課業學習諮商。諮商與輔導,286,35-39。
- 羅幼瓊、林清文(2009)。以提升課業任務價值為導向之課業學習諮商之當事人任務分析─以高中學生學習英語科為例。中華輔導與諮商學報,25,81-130。
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作者簡介│陳長慶